Brain Stimulation: Chapter 40. Noninvasive brain stimulation in neurorehabilitation

Brain Stimulation: Chapter 40. Noninvasive brain stimulation in neurorehabilitation
ISBN-10
0128080469
ISBN-13
9780128080467
Series
Brain Stimulation
Category
Medical
Pages
784
Language
English
Published
2013-11-11
Publisher
Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Authors
Leonardo G. Cohen, Marco Sandrini

Description

Stroke is the major cause of long-term disability worldwide, with impaired manual dexterity being a common feature. In the past few years, noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), have been investigated as adjuvant strategies to neurorehabilitative interventions. These NIBS techniques can be used to modulate cortical excitability during and for several minutes after the end of the stimulation period. Depending on the stimulation parameters, cortical excitability can be reduced (inhibition) or enhanced (facilitation). Differential modulation of cortical excitability in the affected and unaffected hemisphere of patients with stroke may induce plastic changes within neural networks active during functional recovery. The aims of this chapter are to describe results from these proof-of-principle trials and discuss possible putative mechanisms underlying such effects. Neurophysiological and neuroimaging changes induced by application of NIBS are reviewed briefly.

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