An empirical study of police shows how value conflicts of democratic society create conditions that undermine the capacity of police to respond to the rule of law. Data for the study were drawn from an examination of criminal law officials in a city of approximately 400,000 with a nonwhite population of about 30 percent. The gathering of data began in the summer of 1962 and extended into the summer of 1963. The city involved is reputed to have an exemplary criminal justice structure. Through a questionnaire and direct observation, patterns of police behavior were examined in a variety of areas of law enforcement, including traffic violations, prostitution, and narcotics. A sketch of the policeman's "working personality" is presented, along with a description of his operational environment and use of discretion. His use of informers is also treated. Police attitudes toward criminal law and views of the exclusionary rule are examined. Facts presented in the study were deemed accurate by all individuals questioned and observed, although there was not always agreement on interpretations given to the data. It is concluded that the tension between the operational goals of order, efficiency, and initiative on the one hand and the protection of the legal rights of individual citizens on the other constitutes the principle problem of police as a democratic legal organization. The appendix includes a brief survey of the character of the city studied, comparative data on the police, a history and organization of the offices of public defender and district attorney in La Loma County, California, and the questionnaire given to the police.
揭開「犯罪」的神祕面紗,「惡」其實離我們並不遙遠, 瞭解犯罪行為背後的心理過程,才能在罪與罰之間取得平衡。 ...
Herrenkohl, Todd I., J. David Hawkins, Ick-Jung Chung, Karl G. Hill and Sarah Battin-Pearson. 2001. “School and Community Risk Factors and Interventions.” In Child Delinquents: Development, Intervention and Service Needs, ...
... 157 , 221 , 228 Pollock , V. , 85 , 215 Pontius , A. A. , 85 Poole , E , D. , 185 , 228 Poole , W. K. , 138 Pope ... 217 , 229 Payne , J. , 197 , 207 Pearson , F. S. , 209 , 232 Pellegrini , R. J. , 168 Pellens , M. , 140 Pentland ...
Morris also sees that the great risks associated with selective incapacitation ... and Hain , 1982 ) ; Wright Williams and Kent S. Miller , “ The Role of Personal Characteristics in Perceptions of Dangerousness , " Criminal Justice and ...
See Ball , Rosen , Flueck , and Nurco , “ Lifetime Criminality of Heroin Addicts ” ; Ball , Shaffer , and Nurco , “ The Day - to - Day Criminality ” ; John W . Shaffer , David N . Nurco , and Timothy W . Kinlock , " A New Classification ...
Immediately after the World War II, the police were in a sorry state. They were short on resources and antiquated in their systems. As a result, the period covered by this book saw major change and modernization.
Criminology / Delinquency BECOME GIRLS DELINQUENCY AND JUVENILE JUSTICE MEDA CHESNEY - LIND AND RANDALL G. SHELDEN GIRLS , DELINQUENCY , AND JUVENILE JUSTICE a Third Edition Internet for research through searches and activities .
Robson , R. ( 1992 ) . Lesbian ( out ) law : Survival under the rule of law . New York : Firebrand Books Publications . Schilt , R. , G.W. Lie , and M. Montague ( 1990 ) . Substance use as a correlate of violence in intimate lesbian ...
Collison , Cathy , 23 Colwell , Alan , 197 Coulson , Noel J. , 104 , 108 , 120 , 156 Cunneen , Chris , 299–302 D ... 122 , 139 , 237 Davidson , Robert , 245–47 del Frate , Anna Alvazzi , 38 Deloria , Vine Jr. , 94 Devine , F. E. , 13-15 ...
Professor of Criminal Justice and Director of the Center for Drug and Alcohol Studies James A Inciardi, James A. Inciardi, Carl D. Chambers, .̤ Inciardi-Chambers, Inciardi-Chambers .