After invading Tunisia in 1881, the French installed a protectorate in which they shared power with the Tunisian ruling dynasty and, due to the dynasty’s treaties with other European powers, with some of their imperial rivals. This "indirect" form of colonization was intended to prevent the violent clashes marking France’s outright annexation of neighboring Algeria. But as Mary Dewhurst Lewis shows in Divided Rule, France’s method of governance in Tunisia actually created a whole new set of conflicts. In one of the most dynamic crossroads of the Mediterranean world, residents of Tunisia— whether Muslim, Jewish, or Christian—navigated through the competing power structures to further their civil rights and individual interests and often thwarted the aims of the French state in the process. Over time, these everyday challenges to colonial authority led France to institute reforms that slowly undermined Tunisian sovereignty and replaced it with a more heavy-handed form of rule—a move also intended to ward off France's European rivals, who still sought influence in Tunisia. In so doing, the French inadvertently encouraged a powerful backlash with major historical consequences, as Tunisians developed one of the earliest and most successful nationalist movements in the French empire. Based on archival research in four countries, Lewis uncovers important links between international power politics and everyday matters of rights, identity, and resistance to colonial authority, while re-interpreting the whole arc of French rule in Tunisia from the 1880s to the mid-20th century. Scholars, students, and anyone interested in the history of politics and rights in North Africa, or in the nature of imperialism more generally, will gain a deeper understanding of these issues from this sophisticated study of colonial Tunisia.
The Rule on Restrictive Agreements and Vertical Intra-brand Restraints Csongor István Nagy ... distinguish between 'object' and 'effect' restraints but the dividing line is between the categories of per se illegality and rule of reason.
This book examines the frequency, causes and management of divided government in comparative context, identifying the similarities and differences between the various experiences of this increasingly frequent form of government.
Lee, P. (1989). Arthur Andersen names head of western operation. Los Angeles Times, November 3:3. Lee, P. (1990). The heir, apparently. Los Angeles Times, March 18:1. Leonard, D. (2012). The plot to destroy America's beer.
rule, to shaping post-colonial identities and to transforming local economies and environments – with legacies that live on to this day. Under British rule specifically, colonial governance was, as Mahmood Mamdani observes, '[m]ore than ...
... majority rule in divided places is likely to be partisan, even when it is padded out with integrationist or power-dividing safety mechanisms. The electoral systems favored by integrationists, they observe, usually do not even ...
That is, in its rules of representation, power dividing rejects the idea of adopting one electoral rule or principle of representation because it is superior to the others. Rather, power dividing prescribes varying the rules for ...
6 now Divide et Impera—divide and Rule—is a maxim hoary with age and has been adopted by all conquerors in all countries and in all ages, Once the validity of foreign rule is admitted, no special blame attaches to the foreign ruler for ...
Rather, it is seen as a consequence of Britain's historic policy of divide and rule.9 British imperialists governed Ireland, it is claimed, by bestowing privileges on Irish Protestants. When the issue of Home Rule for Ireland arose in ...
and. to live. Long ago you came to me,j. usqau. fin. fond. de. la. brouse. africain. Here, u' en.fin, is your M.0. WILLIAM F. S.. MILES. Boston,. Masachusetts. A Note on Hausa Orthography The Hausa language contains three Preface xv11.