Political scientists are quite good at predicting 'optimal' policy positions that - under the given circumstances - allow parties to get maximal payoffs in terms of policy, office or votes. What we do not know is whether parties are actually able to take these positions or whether they are constrained to do so. This book attempts to narrow this gap. The major argument is that parties do not choose policy positions from scratch and that they cannot freely change their policy platforms. Rather, voters' lacking perception of changing party platforms and intra-party factors constrain parties when shifting their policy positions. An empirical analysis of party policy shifts in ten Western European democracies shows that these constraints differ across parties and thus affect the parties' position-taking differently. Considering this variation is important to derive more precise predictions for parties' policy platforms and for our understanding of party behaviour in general.
“ This is George ? The guy you've been getting to help you in calculus ? ” Tim had taken in Melinda's appearance with fresh eyes . The way her hair was falling out of its barrette . The pink in her cheeks . The untucked shirt .
Thomas Hardy was a sort of summer project ; I read almost all his novels , at least the ones I could get my hands on . ” “ You read all of Hardy ? ” This time she sounded so genuinely astonished that I was annoyed .
如何尋覓完美的情人
Sixteen-year-old Haley Andromeda Harmony resumes her laptop diary in January of "the greatest year of my life," still reeling from having a boyfriend and discovering that her mother is a nun.
Aphrodite's Embrace: A Novella
They get so upset whenever I spend more than thirty seconds talking to any of my friends that I figure they think Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone just for them . Suddenly my bedroom door banged open .
Relieved that I brought lunch today, I fish the brown paper bag and Coke money out of my locker, then walk beside her through junior hall and down the stairs to the library. Ginger's one of those people you don't much notice at school.
... was a rumor circulating that Norman was killed , too , but that was a false rumor . Norman is in Mercy Hospital . He's all right . ” Mrs. Tompkins continued with the lesson , which was a study of Robert Browning's " Fra Lippo Lippi 142.
Barbara Novak launches her pre-feminist manifesto and as it rockets to the top of the bestseller list, she becomes the target of Catch Block, ace-journalist and a man determined to prove her book a lie.
The series picks them up a year or so after they have left school and embarked on their different paths through life.