This document summarizes a re-examination of particulate matter air pollution and its possible consequences on human health and the environment. It reviews the physical and chemical characteristics of particulates, their natural and anthropogenic sources, airborne particulate sampling and analysis methods, ambient levels of particulates in Canada, relationships among various constituents of particulates, human exposures to airborne particulates, aesthetic effects of particulates such as reduction in visibility, environmental impacts, and human health effects (acute, long-term and chronic, effects of fine versus coarse particles, results of experimental studies). The final sections discuss the characterization of risk to human health from particulates and derive reference levels (levels above which effects on human health and the environment can be demonstrated) for two different size categories of airborne particulates.