The report aims to meet two broad objectives: (a) enhance knowledge about the current state of existing social safety nets (SSNs) and assess their effectiveness in responding to new and emerging challenges to the poor and vulnerable in the region by bringing together new evidence, data, and country-specific analysis; and (b) open up and inform a debate on feasible policy options to make SSNs in the Middle East and North Africa more effective and innovative. The first chapter, 'a framework for SSN reform, ' describes and illustrates the reasons for the region's growing need for SSN reform and establishes the framework for renewed SSNs. It identifies key goals for SSNs (promoting social inclusion, livelihood, and resilience) and illustrates how these goals have been achieved in some parts of the region and elsewhere. The second chapter, 'key challenges that call for renewed SSNs, ' analyzes the challenges facing the region's poor and vulnerable households, which SSNs could focus on as a priority. Two large groups are at higher-than-average poverty risk: children and those who live in rural or lagging areas. The third chapter, 'the current state of SSNs in the Middle East and North Africa, ' analyzes SSN spending and assesses different aspects of the SSN systems' performance. The fourth chapter, 'the political economy of SSN reforms in the Middle East and North Africa: what do citizens want?' presents new evidence on citizens' preferences concerning redistribution and SSN design, using newly collected data. It also discusses how political economy considerations could be taken into account in designing renewed SSNs in the region. The fifth chapter, 'the way forward: how to make safety nets in the Middle East and North Africa more effective and innovative, ' proposes an agenda for reform and the path for moving forward, using global experience and the evidence presented in the preceding chapt
Notes on Northern Africa, the Sahara and Soudan: in relation to the ethnography, languages, history, political and social condition, of...
Trình bày các vấn đề lý luận và thực tiễn liên quan đến biến động chính trị - xã hội ở khu vực Bắc Phi - Trung Đông; biến động chính trị - xã hội tại khu vực Bắc Phi - Trung Đông; ...
So then Watson and Matthews , the other pilots and I climbed into three separate Blenheims and squeezed down among the instruments . We carried no observer , so there was a spare seat for both Matthews and me with a good view .
Irresistible
Lʹouvrage de Jillali El Adnani est un livre dʹhistoire mais les faits quʹil rapporte en font, bien que cela nʹait pas été son intention dʹhistorien, un livre de clarification dans un contexte politique particulièrement complexe.
The Burgundian nobles rallied round him, and madeadesperate stand against German interference, andhe maintained his independencein theFranche Comté, as the districtwas subsequently called.When Frederick Barbarossamarried Beatrix, ...
Dicho islote quedó bajo soberanía es- pañola tras el Combate Naval de Alborán, el 1 de octubre de 1540, en el que se en- frentaron las galeras de Bernardino de Mendoza con las embarcaciones corsarias de Caramami y Alí Hamet.
咖啡神之雫
The Story of North Africa
Debtor Status for the United States as Public Policy: Analysis and Concerns, Journal Articles, 1985-1988