Abstract: The Red Power Movement (1969-1978) is popularly remembered as a period of heightened direct political action carried out by Native American activist groups, such as the American Indian Movement (AIM). Though valuable, this perspective often marginalizes the narrative of Native community leaders, students, and activists in the termination era of the 1950s and 1960s and the subsequent academic development of Native Studies beginning in the 1960s. This project traces the origins of the Red Power Movement through the development of metropolitan Native community centers in San Francisco and Los Angeles, pan-Indian nationalist activism through the National Congress of American Indians and the National Indian Youth Council, and Native American Studies in higher education throughout California. It argues that the Red Power movement was a development of ideology and identity as much as an escalating moment of politicization and cultural revival between 1945 and 1978.