In its formative years, America, birthplace of a revolution, wrestled with a volatile dilemma. John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, and many other founding fathers clashed. What was to be the new republic's strategy toward a revolution roiling just off its shores? From 1790 to 1810, the disagreement reverberated far beyond Caribbean waters and American coastal ports. War between France and Britain, the great powers of the time, raged on the seas and in Europe. America watched aghast as its trading partner Haiti, a rich hothouse of sugar plantations and French colonial profit, exploded in a rebellion led by former slave Toussaint L'Ouverture. "Toussaint's Clause: The Founding Fathers and the Haitian Revolution" narrates the intricate history of one of America's early foreign policy balancing acts and one of the nation's defining moments. The supporters of Toussaint's rebellion against France at first engineered a bold policy of intervention in favor of the rebels. But Southern slaveholders, such as Jefferson, eyed the slave-general's rise and masterful leadership skills with extreme alarm and eventually obtained a reversal of the policy-even while taking advantage of the rebellion to make the fateful Louisiana purchase. Far from petty, the internal squabbles among America's founders resolved themselves in delicate maneuvers in foreign capitals and on the island. The stakes were mortally high-a misstep could have plunged the new, weak, and neutral republic into the great powers' global war. In Toussaint's Clause, former diplomat and ambassador Gordon S. Brown details the founding fathers' crisis over Haiti and their rancorous struggle, which very often cut to the core of what America meant by revolution and liberty. During a thirty-five-year Foreign Service career, Gordon S. Brown served mainly in the Middle East and North Africa including assignments as General Norman Schwarzkopf's political advisor in the first Gulf War and ambassador to Mauritania. Since his retirement, he has written "Coalition, Coercion, and Compromise" on the diplomacy of the first Gulf War and "The Norman Conquest of Southern Italy and Sicily."
When we started the fieldwork, Radio Control Room staff were dedicated to working with one geographical area. They knew the patch and they also knew the ...
See letter from J. Smart to R. Gibson, 11 February 1948, RG109, vol. 409, file WLU.266-1, PAC. 168 Letter from Gibson to Callison, 25 March 1949, RG109, vol. 409, file VVLU.266-1, PAC.
The last ethical issue, the fifth group, is inheritable genetic modification (IGM), which is a procedure used to modify genes along the germ lines that are transmitted to offspring (Frankel, 2003). Stem-cell research could help prevent ...
He is principally remembered today for his plays. FURTHER READING Becker, Lucille Frackman. Henry de Montherlant: A Critical Biography. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1970. Gerrard, Charlotte Frankel.
This book examines the national security and preparedness issues, developments and analyses facing the U.S. today.
The primary objective in this study is to collate knowledge of species responses to single and multiple stressors into an Aquatic Species Physiological Limits (ASPL) database, which will be updated over time.
... the month of Ramadaan was enjoined in Sha'baan 2 AH, and that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) fasted nine Ramadaans, because he (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) died in Rabee' al-Awwal 11 AH.
A schoolteacher on Prince Edward Island falls in love with a beautiful reclusive girl who plays the violin exquisitely, but is mysteriously unable to speak.
This collected edition of the hit mini-series reveals Kirsty's first days in Hell, and how the road there is always paved with good intentions.
本书包括现代营销新观念,市场分析,市场营销环境,市场调查,市场预测,消费者行为研究,市场细分化战略,名牌战略等内容。