Analytic philosophers and cognitive scientists have long argued that the mind is a computer-like syntactical engine, and that all human mental capacities can be described as digital computational processes. This book presents an alternative, naturalistic view of human thinking, arguing that computers are merely sophisticated machines. Computers are only simulating thought when they crunch symbols, not thinking. Human cognition - semantics, de re reference, indexicals, meaning and causation - are all rooted in human experience and life. Without life and experience, these elements of discourse and knowledge refer to nothing. And without these elements of discourse and knowledge, syntax is vacant structure, not thinking.
The Structure of Mind
This is to say that in all complex cases theoretical reasoning becomes an indispensable means to accomplish the pragmatic technological aims.
"This is a fabulous book... This book opened my mind and reshaped the way I think about investing."—Forbes "Thinking in Systems is required reading for anyone hoping to run a successful company, community, or country.
The authors in this volume develop a critique of cognitivism and introduce an alternative approach -- which owes more to evolutionary biology, embodied robotics, phenomenology and dynamical systems.
Instead of presenting structures as abstract concepts defined by formulas and diagrams, this book uses a project-based approach to demonstrate how a range of efficient, effective, and expressive architectural solutions can be generated, ...
The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning brings together the contributions of many of the leading researchers in thinking and reasoning to create the most comprehensive overview of research on thinking and reasoning that has ever been ...
作者规范译名: 维特根斯坦。
For instance , The Gibson Goddess ( 1909 ) takes advantage of the boundary of the frame as a barrier and makes use of the burst of activity at the cut for comic effect . The goddess accumulates a crowd of admirers wherever she goes ...
This is to say that in all complex cases theoretical reasoning becomes an indispensable means to accomplish the pragmatic technological aims.
Yet for all that, I may not doubt that I am or exist, so long as I am doubting or thinking. ... For, in that case, in having doubts about my body I should be having doubts about myself. ... Bodies can be doubted by me to exist. 2.