This book challenges a number of leading ideas in demography, epidemiology, economic history and historical sociology. The topics discussed include life table models, demographic transition theory, cohort patterns of mortality, and the relationship between height, status stress, poverty and mortality. The data presented indicates that demography is a key discipline for understanding English society in the period 1550-1850, with population growth playing a central role in the development of capitalism and the transformation of economic and social life.