野径与禅道：生态美学视域下美国诗人斯奈德的禅学因缘

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加里·斯奈德（Gary Snyder，1930—）是美国著名诗人、散文家、翻译家、禅宗信徒、环保主义者、BG代表人物之一。斯奈德的生态思想在西方世界影响很大。这些思想与东方文化，特别是禅宗有着深厚的渊源。研究二者的关系，一直是比较文学界的关注点之一。区鉷的博士论文《加里·斯奈德与中国文化》在学界第一个涉及该问题；钟玲的《斯奈德与中国文化》和《美国诗人史耐德与亚洲文化：西方吸纳东方传统的范例》，耿纪永的《生态诗歌与文化融合：加里·斯奈德生态诗歌研究》，毛明的《跨越时空的对话——美国当代诗人斯奈德的生态诗学与中国古代自然审美观》等著作辟专门章节，沿着比较文学的思路对该问题进行了较多的研究。值得强调的是钟玲开辟了经由书画作品了解斯奈德佛禅思想的路数；毛明研究了道家思想在斯奈德佛禅思想中的重要地位，推进了研究。但由于缺乏基于原典的禅宗佛教思想的系统研究，零星出现的佛禅资料多成了斯奈德思想的注脚。陈小红、洪娜、高歌有关斯奈德的专著对此问题也有零星涉及。陈小红的《论加里·斯奈德的禅宗生态观》和耿纪永的《论斯奈德的生态区域主义与佛禅》等文章通过比较零散的事实证据专门论述了这个问题，提出了一些宏观的论断。陈智淦等人的《漫游山野，隐于人世——加里·斯奈德与中国古代生态智慧的联姻》首次尝试将禅宗作为中国古代生态智慧的一部分与斯奈德进行对话。总的说来，学界从亚洲文化、中国文化、佛教文化三个层面入手探索该问题都有诸多进展，但缺乏基于原典的佛禅思想研究始终是深入考察二者关系的最大障碍。另外，上述研究的切入点选择也值得商榷。文学、诗学、伦理学、生态思想、佛禅的有机整合需要一个合适的框架，作者认为，这个框架应该是生态美学，因为一般来讲美学介于文学与哲学之间，便于沟通二者，且能较好地符合斯奈德作为后现代诗人、生态思想家的特点。

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