The innate and adaptive immune systems are often described as contrasting separate arms of the host response; however, they usually act together, with the innate response representing the first line of host defense and the adaptive response becoming prominent after several days as antigen-specific T and B cells have undergone clonal expansion. Components of the innate system contribute to activation of the antigen-specific cells. Additionally, the antigen-specific cells amplify their responses by recruiting innate effector mechanisms to bring about the complete control of invading microbes. Thus, although the innate and adaptive immune responses are fundamentally different in their mechanisms of action, synergy between them is essential for an intact, fully effective immune response.
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... are not fluent in the language/s of the medical care provider.72 Research ... Anglo-Americans have traditionally placed a great deal of emphasis on the ...
This practical guide thoroughly discusses both well-established and new interventions that are applied to the spine for the purpose of pain relief.
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