The human gut is the natural habitat for a diverse and dynamic microbial ecosystem having an important impact on health and disease. Unabsorbed portions of food are a major nutritional source for these microbial communities. Prebiotics are non-digestible food ingredients that are selectively fermented in the gut resulting in specific changes in the composition or activity of the gastrointestinal microbiota, thus conferring benefits upon host health. Inulin-type fructans and galacto-oligosaccharides are the most extensively studied prebiotics. They are fermented in the colon to short-chain fatty acids, and selectively stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria. These changes have an impact on the mucosal and systemic immune system and are correlated with a series of health benefits reviewed in this chapter.
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This practical guide thoroughly discusses both well-established and new interventions that are applied to the spine for the purpose of pain relief.
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