In this chapter the ‘Developmental Origins of Health and Diseases (DOHaD)’ hypothesis is presented, providing a summary of the evidence to support the thesis that susceptibility to chronic degenerative diseases is programmed by exposures early in life. The chapter then looks in more detail at the evidence that this hypothesis also extends to immune function, with a review of the data to support the ‘early nutritional programming of human immune function’.
Although inflammation is one of the body’s first responses to infection, overactive immune responses can cause chronic inflammatory diseases. Long-term low-grade inflammation has also been identified as a risk factor for other diseases.
Vitamin A is required in the diet of all vertebrates, and is metabolized intracellularly to retinoic acid (RA), which is well known as a regulator of cell proliferation and differentiation.
Animal studies suggest that olive oil modulates immune function in vivo and ex vivo when fed at high levels.
The increasing prevalence of immune-mediated adverse reactions to food represents a significant personal and societal burden.
Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient that is important for various aspects of human health, including optimal immune responses.
The human gut is the natural habitat for a diverse and dynamic microbial ecosystem having an important impact on health and disease.
The intestinal microbiota and some probiotics are known to interact with the host’s immune system, thereby influencing both health status and disease risk.
In addition to nutrients affecting chronic low-grade inflammation, dietary patterns and specific foods significantly modulate inflammatory processes.
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the main metabolic products of anaerobic bacterial fermentation in the intestine.
In addition to supplying essential nutrients, it is now well accepted that some food proteins can confer additional health benefits beyond nutrition.